This week, in our James River Spotlight, we’re diving into a crucial indicator our James River Watch volunteers measure every week: bacteria levels. You’ve likely heard of E. coli, especially in news about water quality, but the specific bacteria we look for actually depends on where in the river we are!
What are Indicator Bacteria (in river water)?
When our James River Watch volunteers collect water samples, they’re looking for indicator bacteria. These are specific types of bacteria whose presence signals that fecal matter from humans or animals is also present, and with it, potentially other, more harmful pathogens (like viruses, bacteria, or parasites) that can cause illness.
- E. coli (Escherichia coli): In the freshwater sections of the James River and its tributaries, E. coli is the indicator bacteria we monitor. E. coli itself is a common bacterium found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans.
- Enterococcus: As the James River transitions into brackish (slightly salty) or saline waters closer to the Chesapeake Bay, our volunteers test for Enterococcus instead of E. coli. This is because Enterococcus is known to persist and survive more reliably in higher salinity environments, making it a more accurate indicator of fecal contamination in those areas.
Testing for E. coli bacteria.
Testing for Enterococcus bacteria.
Why does indicator bacteria matter for river health and your safety?
High levels of these indicator bacteria mean an increased risk for recreational users engaging in activities where they might swallow water or have skin contact, like swimming and paddling. The Virginia Department of Health sets thresholds for safe recreational use. Our James River Watch map updates before the weekend to inform the public whether specific sites meet these standards.
How do we influence indicator bacteria levels in the river?
While wildlife like deer and geese naturally contribute some bacteria, many human-related activities significantly impact E. coli levels in our waterways:
- Stormwater Runoff: This is a major culprit. When rain flows over land, it picks up pet waste, livestock waste from farms, faulty septic system leakage, and even illegally discharged sewage, carrying it directly into storm drains and then into the James River and its tributaries.
- Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs): In older cities like Richmond and Lynchburg, during heavy rainfall, combined sewer systems can overflow, releasing untreated or partially treated sewage directly into the river.
- Improper Waste Disposal: Malfunctioning wastewater treatment plants, and illegally dumped waste can also contribute to bacterial pollution.
- Leaking Septic Systems: Failing residential septic systems can leach untreated wastewater into groundwater and nearby waterways.
A Look Back: 2024 James River Watch Results
The James River Watch program is all about empowering you with the knowledge to safely enjoy the river. In 2024, our incredible team of 82 citizen scientists collected 439 water samples from 33 monitoring locations across the entire watershed! We’re proud to report that the 2024 season had an 85% overall passing rate for bacteria levels, demonstrating continued progress towards a healthier James. To learn more about last year’s program and its impact, check out our 2024 James River Watch Recap here.
What Can YOU Do to Help?
Even small actions can make a big difference in reducing bacteria in the James River:
- Pick Up Pet Waste: Always scoop your dog’s poop, especially in your yard, parks, and on walks. It’s a significant source of bacteria in stormwater runoff. Visit our River Hero Home program and learn how you can pledge to make simple steps such as this to make a difference in your community.
- Maintain Your Septic System: If you have a septic system, ensure it’s regularly inspected and maintained to prevent leaks. Learn more about this river-friendly practice on our home-owner resources page.
- Support Infrastructure Upgrades: Advocate for investment in modernizing wastewater treatment facilities and addressing combined sewer overflows in your community. Join our Action Network to stay up-to-date on important advocacy issues.
- Reduce Stormwater Runoff: Install rain gardens, permeable pavers, or direct downspouts to grassy areas to help water soak into the ground rather than running directly into storm drains.
- Be a Responsible Boater/River User: Use pump-out facilities for boat waste and never discharge sewage directly into the river.
By taking these simple steps, we can all contribute to a cleaner, safer, and healthier James River for everyone to enjoy! Remember to Know Before You Go and check the James River Watch before your weekend recreation on the James.